Bonsai for beginners.

The number-one skill and killer. Water when the surface just starts to dry - not on a fixed schedule - until it runs from the drainage holes. Little pots dry fast in summer and may need daily watering; never let a bonsai dry to a crisp or sit in a saucer of water.

Match the tree: tropicals (ficus, jade) take the brightest indoor window; temperate trees (juniper, maple, elm) are outdoor plants that need real seasons and will decline if kept inside. Get this right before anything else.

Two kinds: structural pruning (removing whole branches to build the shape, done in the dormant season) and pinching/trimming new growth through the growing season to keep it compact and ramified. Prune with intent, not just to tidy.

Anodised aluminium or copper wire wrapped at about 45° lets you bend and set branches into position. Leave it on for weeks to months until the branch holds, and check often - wire left too long bites ugly scars into swelling bark.

Every 1-3 years (younger trees more often), lift the tree, trim the outer and lower roots, and replant in fresh free-draining bonsai soil. This keeps the compact root ball healthy and the tree small. Do it in early spring, before growth surges.

A tiny pot of soil runs out of nutrients fast, so feed regularly through the growing season with a balanced bonsai or general fertiliser at the recommended strength. Ease off in winter when the tree rests.

A straight, tapering trunk standing dead upright, branches evenly spaced and getting shorter toward the top. The classic, disciplined look - and the hardest to get perfect. Suits conifers like juniper and pine.

An upright trunk with gentle S-curves, the most popular and forgiving style. The apex sits over the base. Great for beginners and for maples, elms and most broadleaf trees.

The whole trunk leans to one side as if shaped by years of wind, with roots gripping harder on the opposite side to 'anchor' it. Simple, dynamic and easy to read.

The trunk sweeps down below the base of the pot, like a tree clinging to a cliff over a ravine. Dramatic, grown in a tall pot, and a lovely challenge once you have the basics.

Like the cascade but the trunk falls only to about the rim of the pot, not below it. A softer version of the cliff-hanger look - forgiving and very natural for flowering trees.

Trunk and every branch swept hard in one direction, as if permanently battered by a coastal gale. Full of movement and story, and best once you can wire confidently.